Review of Ibsens A Dolls House - 1265 Words

In Henrik Ibsens play A Dolls House, it becomes clear by the fourth act that Nora Helmer and her husband Torvald no longer share the same definition of what constitutes a reasonable human being. In the third act of the play, the submission of a wife to her husbands wishes is seen as Helmers definition of what constitutes reasonable behavior: Helmer: There, you see it was quite right of me not to let you stay there any longer. Nora: Everything you do is quite right, Torvald. Helmer (kissing her on the forehead): Now my little skylark is speaking reasonably. (Ibsen 64) But in the plays shocking fourth act, when Nora announces her decision to leave her husband, Torvald accuses Nora of forsaking her duties as a wife and mother, and Nora offers quite a different definition of what constitutes a reasonable human being: Helmer: Before all else, you are a wife and a mother. Nora: I dont believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are or, at all events, that I must try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them. (Ibsen 76) The dramatic twist here is how Nora chooses to define herself. Helmer is attempting to define her in terms of her responsibilities to him andShow MoreRelated Essay on Lies and Self-realization in A Dolls House1162 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-realization in A Dolls House    In Ibsens play,   A Dolls House,   the characters willingly exist in a situation of untruth or inadequate truth that conceals conflict.   Noras independent nature is in contradiction to the tyrannical authority of Torvald.   This conflict is concealed by the way they both hide their true selves from society, each other, and ultimately themselves.   Just like Nora and Torvald, every character in this play is trapped in a situation of untruth. A Dolls House, can beRead More A Dolls House: A Push To Freedom Essay examples1371 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometime after the publication of quot;A Dolls Housequot;, Henrik Ibsen spoke at a meeting of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He explained to the group, quot;I must decline the honor of being said to have worked for the Womens Rights movement. I am not even very sure what Womens Rights are. To me it has been a question of human rightsquot; ( ). quot;A Dolls Housequot; is often interpreted by readers, teachers, and critics alike as an attackRead More A Dolls House: The Analysis of Nora and Her Case of Leaving Her Family.1074 Words   |  5 PagesIn Henrik Ibesens play A Doll House, Nora Helmer struggles with telling her husband, Torvald Helmer, the truth about a loan she receives for them to go to Italy when he was sick. Consequently, when Torvald learns of the news he instantly insults Nora and declares that she has ruined [his] happiness (Ibesen 93). However, when Torvald tries to dismiss his insults after receiving a note that her contract was revoked, she does not accept his apologizes and decides to leave Torvald and her childrenRead More Essay on Animal Imagery in A Dolls House974 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Imagery in A Dolls House    Animal imagery in Henrick Ibsens play, A Dolls House is a critical part of the character development of Nora, the protagonist. Ibsen uses creative, but effective, animal imagery to develop Noras character throughout the play. He has Torvald call his wife his little lark(Isben) or sulky squirrel(Isben) or other animal names throughout the play. He uses a lot of bird imagery-calling her many different bird names. The name Torvald uses directlyRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1005 Words   |  5 Pageshow the characters would continue life. In The English Review article â€Å"A New World for Women† writer Stephanie Forward claims â€Å"Henrik Ibsen’s Plays were staged as part of a privately subsidized feminist experimental project†. Which brings the topic of Henrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Ibsen’s stage play â€Å"A Doll’s House† is heavily debated because of the theme. One theme is certain throughout the play and it is the portrayal of women. Ibsen’s play describes the constant struggle in relationshipsRead MoreA Woman of Di fferent Ideas Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesThe roles of men and women evolve over time. In 1879 the roles, obligations, and expectations of a man and woman were very different from those today. In A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen illustrates the reproachful role of women in society and how appearances can be deceiving. A man was considered the head of the house. He brought home the money, supported the family, and took care of anything of business matter. Women were to take care of housework, the children, and their duties as a wife. The manRead MoreHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1529 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House questions the gender roles of women in society through its characters, namely Nora Helmer and Christina Linden, before and after marriage. What are gender roles exactly? Gender roles are the combination is specific gender stereotypes that consist of the perceptions of the society of what an ideal male/female should act like (Lindsey and Christy). This paper aims to question whether the gender roles of Nora Helmer and Christina Linden of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House areRead MoreThe Transformation of a Woman - Ibsens a Dolls House1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe Transformation of a Woman In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, the character of Nora Helmer is a woman who undergoes a profound life revelation that results in her becoming a woman with a belief structure and understanding of self that is far ahead of her time. At the beginning of the play, Nora thinks as a woman of her era; her identity is formed as her father’s daughter and continued as a wife to Torvald Helmer. At the end of the play Nora â€Å"discovers her individuality then walksRead MoreA Doll’s House and Top Girls2459 Words   |  10 Pagesof A Doll’s House and Top Girls Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls both are a pillar of critical writing about the society they were originally produced in and have a central theme of the oppression of women, which makes them great sources of feminist reviews. Although Ibsen â€Å"abandoned the concept that the play was about gender roles† (Urban, 1997), the central question is beyond the original context within which the plays were produced and received. A Doll’s House canRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen1712 Words   |  7 PagesIn Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll House, Nora Helmer represents many feministic ideals of the late eighteen hundreds. The ending is often what the play as a whole is remembered by, due to its shocking nature. Nora, the female lead of the play decides to leave her home suddenly, after a confrontation with her husband Torvald and never returns. Many saw this as a huge decision that was made abruptly, however what they fa il to notice are the aspects that motivated Nora from the start of the play. At first

Healthcare System Issues For The Elderly - 931 Words

Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly: Medicare Decisions Name Institution Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly: Medicare Decisions The Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) was established in 1967 in efforts to increase health coverage. For that matter, Medicare was purposely established to increase health coverage and as well as allow the less fortunate/vulnerable individuals in the society access quality and affordable healthcare (CMS, 2015). Today, Medicare and Medicaid collectively cover about one hundred million Americans. Among the largest group covered by Medicare are the elderly persons. At the old age, the vulnerability to various illness increase. Despite an increasing elderly population in the country, the majority of them cannot afford to pay out of pocket for health care services or pay for a private health insurance. As a result, Medicare aims at providing different coverage plans that are also affordable (CMS, 2015). For that matter, this paper will focus on the various coverage plans offered by Medicare and the ease with which elderly persons can make decisions regarding the coverage plans. Medicare Health Coverage Plans Medicare is funded and managed by the federal government to offer a broad range of health coverage services. However, there are four major coverage plans. These programs are designated by the letter A, B, C and D (Medicare, 2015). The first health coverage plan is the hospital insurance, and it is typicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Medicare Funding Crisis : Congressman Hughes1359 Words   |  6 Pageshas been scrutinized on how the system is funded and in its comparison to the results of health outcomes as more people are enrolling into the system. It is very difficult to address the federal deficit, our national debt, Medicare, and many economic issues that plague our country. There are many opportunities that are in front of us to reach a resolution in an attempt at saving this healthcare entitlement. I am very concerned on the lack of information on this issue and also the amount of misinformationRead MoreHow The Uk Government Policies Overcome The Barri ers Elderly People Face When Accessing Healthcare Services1614 Words   |  7 Pagesproportion of elderly people is raising. Older people are soften frail and have more complex health and social care needs, which increase the pressure in the healthcare system. It has to meet elderly people needs, however, elderly people are to facing many barriers when accessing healthcare services. Some of these barriers are going to be studied in this research. Those are: transport, knowledge and information, and hospital discharge. 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However, it is important to compare these different systems in order to find an ideal system that can improve population health, improve individual care, and reduce theRead MoreThe Two Sources Given Both Dealt With The Costs Of Elder1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe two sources given both dealt with the costs of elder care. As used in the sources, elder care is the healthcare processes of the non-incarcerated American population aged above sixty-five years old. That segment of the population presents a unique burden on the healthcare system, since its health naturally tends to be weaker than the younger segments of the population. Its health also gradually declines as the individual s within the segment age. In America, where everyone is required to haveRead MoreWireless Sensor Networks For Continuous Healthcare Monitoring1702 Words   |  7 PagesWireless Sensor Networks for Continuous Healthcare Monitoring BABATOLA FOLUSO FAHINA Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England. babsfash1@gmail.com Abstract— The healthcare monitoring applications of wireless sensor networks may require the properties of unobtrusiveness and continuity. The continuous tracking of the health state would address the challenges of caregiving for the elderly and performance checking for athletes during training. The application mustRead MoreHow Fight The War On Poverty And Turn These Unwanted Pregnancy Into A Financial Blessing962 Words   |  4 Pageslife expectancy of Americans 65 and older has nearly doubled during the 20th century and is expected to double again within the next 25 years. Unplanned pregnancies are also another issue affecting our population that is causing burdens on the healthcare system. Unplanned pregnancies not only a burden the healthcare system, but also on the parents of the unborn. In many instances the expecting parents are mere children themselves and in other situations they are living in the poverty level and cannotRead MoreHealth Care Of Elderly Medicare Patie nts899 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Veteris Health, LLC is a healthcare company specializing in the care of elderly Medicare patients. Although its headquarters is located in Cleveland, Ohio, it serves elderly people across the nation. Veteris Health contracts with Medicare health insurance providers and provider networks across the United States to provide extensive in-home health assessments of the Medicare insurance providers’ clients at no cost to the patient. The assessment consists of everything from seeing how theRead MoreEthics Of Robot Companionship And Elderly Care1081 Words   |  5 PagesEthics of Robot Companionship and Elderly Care 1. The Ethical Issue The elderly population is growing in the United Sates. According to the Department of Health and Human Service, the older population –people aged 65 and over– â€Å"represented 14.1% in the population in the year 2013 and are expected to grow to be 21.7% of the population by 2040† (â€Å"Administration on Aging† 1). And since many adult children live far away from their parents, some people suggests that using robot as companies can ease

Comparison Between Programming Languages †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparison Between Programming Languages? Answer: Introduction Computer programs are alluded as programming. In the era of 1950s, high level languages had been developed that enables us to develop intense as well as complex programs without having knowledge of the functionality of CPU. The compiler converts the code into machine language and then interpret the result in high level languages which are easy to understand by users. (https://www.pearsonhighered.com/, 2008) C++ Language Data Types - In order to write source code of any language, various variables are required to save some data. This implies when we make a variable we hold a few space in memory. (https://cds.iisc.ac.in/, 2016). There are some other derived data types such as Abstract, enumerated, pointer etc. ADTs are able to support Abstraction, encapsulation processes. (Schmidt, D., C., 2017). The main design issues related to ADT are - Can it be possible to parameterize these data types? The second main design issue related to data types of C++ is can it possible to restrict the access through pointers? And the last one is what form Business for the interface can be provided? (Nguyen, T., 2016). Arrays - C++ does exclude a built in array type. If the memory of array is allotted to C++, the first element is remembered and adjoining space adequate to store all components of the array. The most difficult part is to write the memory which is not reserved by the array and that can consist of other data from different programs or may be operating systems. (Lewandowski, S., M., 2017). The main design issues of arrays include what values can be possible for subscripts? Can it be possible to allocate arrays, if so then at what time? What should be number of subscripts that are allowed in an array? Is it necessary to initialize arrays when their storage is allocated? (Tiwari, R., 2015). Arithmetic Expressions The main issues which needs to be take care before designing arithmetic expressions are operator precedence, operator associativity rule, what will be operator overloading, what will be side effects of operations evaluation in C++ programming? (https://aturing.umcs.maine.edu, 2017). Selection Statements Selection statements are syntax that helps to choose one option when we have choice between different options. The main design issues of selection statements of C++ language includes what form or type can be used in C++ selection statements, How we can use Then and Else syntax, How we can specify the importance of nested selectors? (https://www2.southeastern.edu, 2017). Iterative Statements There are two design issues included in C++ iterative statements that includes what is the process to control the execution of iterative statements and where we have to write the control mechanism of the loop? (https://www2.southeastern.edu, 2017). JAVA Language Name - JAVA Data Type Java innovation is utilized to create applications for an extensive variety of environment, from consumer to heterogeneous endeavor frameworks. (Perry, J., S., 2010). The main design issues regarding data types of JAVA can include how to define syntactic unit where we have to encapsulate the type definition? What is a technique that can be used for making type names as well as subprogram headers? Why it actually hides the definitions? What are the few primitive operations that must be incorporated with the language processor (https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/, 2017). Array The main design issues that are incorporated in array definition are - what legal subscripts can be possible, is it possible to check subscript expressions in element reference range, when it is possible to bound subscript range, Is it possible to bound multidimensional arrays and how we can index arrays? (Lewandowski, S., M., 2017). Arithmetic Expression The design issues that are included in arithmetic expressions are - what is the right order to evaluate operands, is it possible to define user defined operators, what mode of mixing can be possible in expressions? (https://courses.cs.vt.edu, 2017). Selection Statements The selection statement design issues incorporate what is the frame and type of the articulation that controls the selection, how we can specify then and else conditions in a statement, how should the significance of nested selectors be determined? (https://cs2.uco.edu/, 2017). Iterative Statements Its design issues include - How to control iteration statements, what are its entrance and its exit, where we have to use the control mechanism in the defined loop? (https://cs2.uco.edu/, 2017). PASCAL Language Name Pascal Language Data Type - Pascal, is the programming language of today that permits nested procedure definitions to any level of profundity, and furthermore permits most type of definitions and presentations inside subroutines (procedures and functions). The main design issues regarding data type include - character type can be defined as primitive type or only a special kind and the length of string can be taken as static or dynamic? (Christine, 2017). Array All the language have similar array definition with different syntaxes. Design issues of arrays of PASCAL language include can it be possible to support any type of slices, how we can initialize array objects, what subscripts range bound can be possible? (Christine, 2017). Arithmetic Expressions The design issues regarding arithmetic expressions are - how Type mixing can be possible in expressions, what are the side effects of Operand evaluation, how we can define associativity rule in operators? Selection Statements The design issues of selection statements lies in how nested selector can be specified, how we can use Then and Else in a selection statement? (Pratibha, 2017). Iterative Statements The iterative statements of PASCAL have different design issues. These include how we can control the execution of iteration statements, how nested selector can be specified in the statements? (Pratibha, 2017). PYTHON Language Name Python Language Data Type Its design issue while defining data type is what operations can be possible with data types and how these data types can be used in a syntax? Array The array has different design issues that include - Is it possible to check subscripting expressions in element references range, when to bound subscript range? Arithmetic Expressions Its design issues are - what are mode mixing expressions, how we can define the operator precedence rule, what is operator overloading? Selection Statements Selection statements of PYTHON language has also some design issues that are - how we can specify selection segments, how we can represent selector expression value? Iterative Statements Iterative statements design issues are - how it is possible to control the flow of execution of iteration statements, how we can defined the control in a statement pretest/ posttest, the conditional mechanism needs to be integral part of the exit or only body of loop? (https://www.tamps.cinvestav.mx, 2017). References Abstract Data Types. Retrieved from - https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ICS/sukairi/ics313(021)/11-Abstract%20Data%20Types.pdf Arithmetic Expressions. Retrieved from - https://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3304/Spring04/notes/Chapter-6/Expressions.pdf Chapter 7 - Expressions and Assignment Statements. Retrieved from - https://aturing.umcs.maine.edu/~meadow/courses/cos301/cos301-7.pdf Christine (2017). Chapter 6 - Data types. Retrieved from - https://chii90.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/chapter-6-data-types-review-questions/ Expressions and Assignment Statements. Retrieved from - https://www.tamps.cinvestav.mx/~gtoscano/clases/Prog/archivos/expressions.pdf Introduction to Computers and Programming. Retrieved from - https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/3/2/1/0321537114.pdf Learn C++ programming language. Management - https://cds.iisc.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/DS286.AUG2016.Lab2_.cpp_tutorial.pdf Lewandowski, S., M. (2017). Design Issues In Java and C++. Retrieved from - https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.31.1547rep=rep1type=pdf Nguyen, T. (2016). Abstract data types. Retrieved from - https://www.slideshare.net/TonyNguyen197/abstract-data-types-61715316 Perry, J., S. (2010). Java language basics - Object-oriented programming on the Java platform. Retrieved from - https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/tutorials/j-introtojava1/index.html Pratiba (2017). Expressions and statements. Retrieved from - https://www.eenadupratibha.net/pratibha/engineering/pro_lan_exp_and_Sta_Unit4.html Schmidt, D., C. (2017). Object-Oriented Design and Programming. Retrieved from - https://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/PDF/C++-adts4.pdf Statement-Level Control Structures. Retrieved from - https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/kyang/2014/Fall/CMPS401/ClassNotes/CMPS401ClassNotesChap08.pdf Tiwari, R. (2015). What is an array? What are the design issues for arrays? Retrieved from - https://mpstudy.com/what-is-an-array-what-are-the-design-issues-for-arrays/

Mannerism and the Baroque age Essay Example For Students

Mannerism and the Baroque age Essay Mannerism, which literally means style, was a period in European art that began in Italy in the final years of the Renaissance and lasted until it was replaced by Baroque, about 1520 to 1600. During this time, young artists were trying to establish their own style, with a new approach to painting and interpretation of the human experience. They had their difficulties as it were. Virtually everything that could be done, had been done. The artists of the Renaissance, masters such as Raphael and Michelangelo, studied the human form and nature for inspiration. Their art was balanced and harmonious. The proportions of their subjects were authentic and their art was often religious in nature. Mannerist, however, often painted their subjects with disproportionate features, such as elongated necks and limbs. Open spaces were filled with objects or fugues that were often unnecessary. Subjects poses were often difficult, if not impossible, for a real human to achieve, colors clashed, and themes were often grim and menacing, reflecting the upheaval of Europe at this time. During the 16th century, Rome was sacked, ending the Italian Renaissance, the Catholic Church was losing ground during the Protestant Reformation, the Eighty-years War surged in the Netherlands and Spain, and the Plague killed millions across Europe and Asia. Many felt the disproportionate tone of Mannerism was a rejection of the balance of the High Renaissance and the idealism it represented (Smyth). Baroque style originated in the late 16th century and included art, music and architecture. Originally meaning rough pearl, Baroque is now used to mean elaborate or dramatic. At the time, it was intended to arouse strong emotion in TTS observers. During the Council of Trend (1545-1563), the Catholic Church decided that artists should render their religious works to inform the illiterate, rather than the knowledgeable. They ordered that the message should be direct and that it should evoke strong emotions for the viewer, clearly challenging the Protestant Reformation and giving the Catholic Church back their image of grandeur and prestige. In painting, Baroques realism was a response to the fantasy of Mannerism and the focus shifted back again from the artist to the subject. Baroque artists employed a ore balanced technique, richer colors, more elaborate settings, and a clearer message. They presented their art at the climax of the action, each piece telling a story, typically using all available space. Mannerist art lacked a story and was focused on the virtuosity of the artist. It was witty and exaggerated. Mannerist artists appealed to the intelligence and humor of art patrons, rejecting the stiffness and formality of the Renaissance. Baroque artists attempted to engage the more emotional and realistic aspects of life in their work, returning to the beauty of the Renaissance, without the constraint and formality during the Baroque age, the world was on a course of discovery that would lead men to understand life and our place in the universe more than ever before. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the laws to gravity, Galileo observed celestial existence using the first telescopes, and physicians and scientists made huge strides in understanding the workings of the human body. Artists melodramatic use of lighting and space in their paintings reflected this age of discovery and experimentation. (Schaller) In the Mannerist Bronzers Deposition of Christ (1540-1545), Chrisms body is held by the Virgin Mary and supported by SST. John the Evangelist and Mary Magdalene. They are surrounded by onlookers while busy cherubs fill the air. The colors are bright pastels and the lighting is undefined. The fingers and toes of each subject are elongated, as is the neck of Mary Magdalene, and the faces reflect a rather neutral emotional state. Their positioning is graceful, yet unnatural. The individuals in the background appear detached and disinterested in the death of Christ. Art in the Baroque Period EssayOn observation, one can appreciate the talent of the artist and is reminded of the sacrifice of Jesus at Calvary, but the feelings of grief and personal loss are absent as the painting takes on more of a decorative tone Rueben Baroque work, The Descent from the Cross (1612-1614), depicts Chrisms body being removed from the cross by eight individuals including, the Virgin Mary, Joseph of Reanimate, SST. John, and Mary Magdalene. The colors used are deep and rich. The action fills the entire space of the painting and the movements and positions of the subjects appear natural and fitting. The dark, late tone of the setting is illuminated by divine light as it traverses the gloomy, overcast sky. Rueben proportions are true and one can feel the grief of the participants as they lower their deceased Lord. The horror of the moment is evident. In Baroque art, the observer is engaged with the work and can feel part of the action (Hunt) Mannerist and Baroque styles emerged from the age of the Renaissance as the world, tired of its idealistic images, sought for more authentic and creative portrayals of life and existence. As the art world shifted from the stiff and idealistic Renaissance to the emotional Baroque period, the unlikely bridge was the Mannerist style. In both The Descent from the Cross and Deposition of Christ, the artists depicted the death of Christ as a human tragedy. Although Bronzers painting lacks the emotion and suffering of Rueben painting, the observer of either work is forced to consider the agony of the Virgin Mary as she holds the body of Jesus. The coloring of Chrisms flesh in both works is consistent with death and we can begin to understand the magnitude of the sacrifice that was made for the salvation of mankind. This transition to realism made the impact of art personal to all who viewed it as art patrons were no longer Just wealthy aristocrats, but common citizens, as well. Artificial perfection and static imagery gave way to fluid movement, disharmony, emotion, and a sense of infinity. As much as Mannerist art and Baroque art differed, they were both responsible for ushering out the conventional rigidity and classicism of the Renaissance and allowing artists to depict the human condition in a more emotional and authentic manner. Even if Mannerism was too quirky to endure, it allowed the world to demand art that everyone could identify with and enjoy. (Baroque) Baroque. (n. D. ). Retrieved from academics. Smart. Due/rebel/Survey of Art History II/Baroque. HTML web. 5 Deck 2013 Hunt, Martin, Rosenstein, and Smith . The Making of the West (third De. ). Boston: Bedford/ SST. Martins. 2010 Print Smyth, Craig Hugh. 1992. Mannerism and Mariner, with an introduction by Elizabeth Cropper. Vienna Web. 5 Deck 2013 Schaller, G. Iconography of Christian Art, Volvo. II, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphreys, London, 2012 Print.

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

ZOO (menagerie) Essays

ZOO (menagerie) Essays ZOO (menagerie) Essay ZOO (menagerie) Essay and the Bronx in New York, which opened in 1891 and 1899 respectively. Relatively new terms for zoos coined in the late 20th century are conservation park or biopark. Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century. The term biopark was first coined and developed by the National Zoo in Washington D. C. in the late 1980s. In 1993, theNew York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society and rebranded the zoos under its Jurisdiction as wildlife conservation parks. HistoryFurther information: Menagerie Ancient world The predecessor of the zoological garden is the menagerie, which has a long history from the ancient world to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 2009, of a ca. 3500 B. C. menagerie. The exotic animals included hippos, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats. King Ashur-bel-kala of the Middle Assyrian Empire created Zoological and Botanical Gardens in the 1 lth Century BC. In the 2nd century BCE, the Chinese Empress Tanki had a house of deer built, and King Wen of Zhou kept a 1,500-acre (6. 1 km2) zoo called Ling-Yu, or the Garden of Intelligence. Other well-known collectors of animals included King Solomon of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, queen Semiramis and king Ashurbanipal of Assyria, and KingNebuchadnezzar of Babylonia. By the 4th century BCE, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states; Alexander the Great is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to Greece. The Roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena, the latter faring notoriously in 366 BCE: At one time, a bear and a bull, chained together, rolled in fierce combat across the sand Four hundred bears were killed in a single day under Caligula Under Nero, four hundred tigers fought with bulls and elephants. In a single day, at the dedication of the Colosseum by Titus, five thousand animals perished. Under Trajan lions, tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, even crocodiles and serpents were employed to give novelty to the spectacle Medieval England Henry I of England kept a collection of animals at his palace in Woodstock, which reportedly included lions, leopards, and camels. The most prominent collection in medieval England was in the Tower of London, created as early as 1204 by King John l. Henry Illreceived a wedding gift in 1235 of three leopards from Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and in 1264, the animals were moved to the Bulwark, renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance of the Tower. It was opened to the public during the reign ofElizabeth I in the 16th century. During the 18th century, the price of admission was three half-pence, or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions. The animals were moved to the London Zoo when it opened. 16th century onwards[ The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the Tiergarten Sch? ¶nbrunn in Vienna, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis l, husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Sch? ¶nbrunn Palace. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765. In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The Kazan Zoo, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of Kazan State University Karl Fuchs. The Zoological Society of London, founded in 1826 by Stamford Raffles, adopted the idea of the Paris zoo when they established the London Zoo in Regents Park in 1828, which opened to paying visitors in 1847. Dublin Zoo was opened in 1831 by members of the medical profession interested in studying animals while they were alive and more particularly getting hold of them when they were dead. Germanys first zoo opened in 1844 the Berlin Zoological Garden. The first zoological garden in Australia was Melbourne Zoo in 1860. In the same year, Central Park Zoo, the first public zoo in the United States, opened in New York, although in 1859, the Philadelphia Zoological Society had made an effort to establish a zoo, but delayed opening it until 1874 because of the American Civil War. The zoo in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India is one of the oldest in the country, and was established as an adjunct to the Museum in 1857 by the erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore in order to attract more visitors. Lahore Zoo in Lahore, Pakistan was established in 1872 by a local philanthropist Lal Mahundra Ram and Lahore Municipal Corporation. In 1907, the German entrepreneur Carl Hagenbeck founded the Tierpark Hagenbeck in Stellingen, now a quarter of Hamburg. It is known for being the first zoo to use open enclosures surrounded by moats, rather than barred cages, to better approximate animals natural few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with Gerald Durrell of the Jersey Zoo, George Rabb of Brookfield Zoo, and William Conway of the Bronx Zoo (Wildlife Conservation Society) leading the discussion. From then on, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in onservation programs, and the American Zoo Associationsoon said that conservation was its highest priority. Because they wanted to stress conservation issues, many large zoos stopped the practice of having animals perform tricks for visitors. The Detroit Zoo, for example, stopped its elephant show in 1969, and its chimpanzee show in 1983, acknowledging that the trainers had probably abused the animals to get them to perform. Human exhibits Human beings were sometimes displayed in cages along with non-human animals, supposedly to illustrate the differences between people of European and non- European origin. In September 1906, William Hornaday, director of the Bronx Zoo in New York†with the agreement of Madison Grant, head of the New York Zoological Society†had Ota Benga, a Congolese pygmy, displayed in a cage with the chimpanzees, then with an orangutannamed Dohong, and a parrot. The exhibit was intended as an example of the missing link between the orangutan and white man. It triggered protests from the citys clergymen, but the public reportedly flocked to see it. Human beings were also displayed in cages during the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition, and as late as 1958 in a Congolese village display at Expo 58 in Brussels. Appearance and type[ Zoo animals usually live in enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats, for the benefit of the animals and the visitors. They may have special buildings for nocturnalanimals, with dim white or red lighting used during the day, so the animals will be active when visitors are there, and brighter lights at night to help them sleep. Special climate conditions are created for animals living in radical environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for birds, mammals, insects, reptiles, fish, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have walk-through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, such as lemurs, marmosets, birds, lizards, and turtles. Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods that the animals might snatch. Open-range zoos Some zoos keep fewer animals in larger, outdoor enclosures, confining them with moats and fences, rather than in cages. Safari parks, also known as zoo parks and lion farms, allow visitors to drive through them and come in close contact with the animals. The first of this kind of zoo was Whipsnade Park in Bedfordshire, England, opened by the Zoological Society of London in 1931, and covering 600 acres (2. 4 km2). Since the early 1970s, a 1,800 acre (7 km2) park in the San Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. One of two state-supported zoo parks in North Carolina is the 2,000-acre (8. 1 km2) North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro. The 500-acre (2. 0 km2) Werribee Public aquaria The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864, Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872) and the United States (Boston 1859, Washington 1873, San Francisco Woodwards Garden 1873, New York Battery Park 1896). In 2005 the non-profit Georgia Aquarium with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m3; 30,000,000 litres) of marine and fresh water, and more than 100,000 animals of 500 different species opened inAtlanta, Georgia. The aquariums specimens include whale sharks and beluga whales. Roadside zoos Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, particularly in remote locations. They are small, unregulated, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some ther facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of neglect] and cruelty. Petting zoos A petting zoo, also called petting farms or childrens zoos, features a combination of domestic animals and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. To ensure the animals health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby. Animal theme parks An animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes. Marine mammal parks such as Sea World and Marineland are more elaborate dolphinariums keeping whales, and containing additional entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park contains more entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as a stage shows, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Some examples are Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida, Disneys Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida, Flamingo Land in North Yorkshire, England and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom inValleJo, California . Sources and care of animals When they arrive at a new zoo, animals usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to acclimatize to their new enclosures which are often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example, some species of penguins may require refrigerated enclosures. Guidelines on necessary care for such animals is published in the International Zoo Yearbook. Conservation and research The position of most modern zoos in Australasia, Europe, and North America, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily or the conservationof endangered species, as well as for research purposes and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors, an argument disputed by critics. The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom. It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the U. S. , the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, nd in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century. The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional perspective, and there are regional programmes all over the world for the conservation of endangered species. Surplus animals In modern, well-regulated zoos breeding of stock is carefully controlled to maintain a self-sustaining global captive population. This is not the case in some less well- regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin- Fugier of the Universit? © Jean-Moulin, Lyon, say that the overall stock turnover of animals in a select group of poor zoos was one-fifth to one-fourth over the course of a year†with three-quarters of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first twenty months. They say that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate is the reason for the massive scale of importations. The downside to breeding the animals in captivity is that over time, without additional genetic aterial from the wild, all the animals in captivity can become related. The San Jose Mercury News conducted a two-year study that suggested of the 19,361 certain species of mammals that left accredited zoos in the U. S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38 percent) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms. Condition of the animals The condition of the animals varies widely, predominantly in zoos in countries with little or no regulations. The majority of zoos continue to work to improve their animal enclosures, although constraints like size and expense make it difficult to create ideal aptive environments for some species, such as dolphins and whales. Some critics argue that animals that live in zoos are treated as voyeuristic objects rather than living creatures, and are often driven to insanity in the transition from being free and wild to incarcerated and dependent on humans for survival. A four- decade Oxford University study found that polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs show the most evidence of stress in captivity. The life of elephants in a zoo is extremely different from their life in their natural habitat. There was an elephant named Maggie who lived in zoo in Alaska. She was forced to spend day on end in a small indoor enclosed area because the outside temperature was too frigid for her body to handle. It is incredibly difficult for zoo keepers to provide for the needs of animals like elephants because they usually travel around thirty miles a day and it is impossible to give them roaming space like that in a zoo. Captive animals often show signs of severe distress, people have witnessed elephants bobbing their heads, bears pacing, and wild cats obsessively grooming themselves. Being trapped like that can often cause an animal to suffer psychological problems along with physical roblems from not being in their natural habitat. Live feeding except in exceptional circumstances. However, in the Badaltearing Safari Park in China, zoo visitors can throw live goats into the lions enclosure and watch them being eaten, or can purchase live chickens tied to bamboo rods for the equivalent of 2 dollarseuros to dangle into lion pens. Visitors can drive through the lions compound on buses with specially designed chutes leading into the enclosure into which they can push live chickens. In the Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village near Guilin in south-east China, live cows and pigs are thrown to tigers to amuse isitors. In the Qingdao zoo, visitors engage in tortoise baiting, where tortoises are kept inside small rooms with elastic bands round their necks, so that they are unable to retract their heads. Visitors then throw coins at them. The marketing claim is that if you hit one of them on the head and make a wish, it will be fulfilled. Regulation of United States In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drug Enforcement Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and others. Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the Endangered Species Act, theAnimal Welfare Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and others. Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). To achieve accreditation, a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZAs standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in nimal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited. Europe In April 1999, the European Union introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos, making it a statutory requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and requiring all member states to set up systems for heir licensing and inspection. Zoos are regulated in the UK by the Zoo Licensing Act of 1981, which came into force in 1984. A zoo is defined as any establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition to which members of the public have access, with or without charge for admission, seven or more days in any period of twelve consecutive months, excluding circuses and pet shops. The Act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed, and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitable environment in which they can express most normal behavior.

Experience paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experience paper - Essay Example This Basilica had been here since 1718.and what makes it more interesting is the fact that Pope John Paul II had visited this Cathedral in September 1987. The next thing that I seemed to register was the beauty of this immense structure. It is known to be one of the famous landmarks in New Orleans and had steeples that majestically looked over the green of the church compound. The sculpture of General Andrew Jackson was situated just outside the entrance of the church. The floor was marked with black and white tiles of marble and was flanked on either side by the pews that held the Bible, for all those who wanted to use them. The entrance of the Basilica had the sculpture of an angel holding a bowl of ‘Holy Water’, on either side. I saw some people dip their fingers in it and made a sign of the cross on their forehead with the water. Very soon, the pews were filled with people who maintained a peaceful silence before the proceedings could begin. The participants were mos tly between the age group of 40 – 80 yrs. There were also some younger people who came to attend the service. Most of the people were dressed in formals but there was a minority who wore casuals too. In the center facing the audience, was a huge altar that was aesthetically decorated with flowers and candles on silver candle-sticks were placed on a beautiful laced altar cloth. Surrounded by scented white flowers was a huge Bible that was edged in gold. Chandeliers were lined over the pews and there were many sculptures of Apostles in addition to an idol of Jesus on the Cross. The ‘celebrant’ for the day was Father William Mastry, who began the solemn mass with the words - ‘The Lord said, â€Å"At the end of the world behold I come to do your will O’ God. Hallelujah. He requested the Almighty for forgiveness for all the sins that we have committed. A reading was done from the book of Prophet Isaiah. The next reading was from the Holy Gospel according to St. Luke. The intercession was followed by a very interesting sermon by the priest about living in a world of celebrities. He explained that A celebrity is someone who is ‘famous for being known’ for things that may be good or bad. A good majority of people spend a lot of money and resources, just so they can be visible in the public eye or in the limelight. There is a constant fear in people for being ‘old news’. He states that for those who fear obscurity should take a look at Mother Mary, who was unknown and from a small place but yet, was chosen by God to bring Jesus into the world. He stated that Mary was strong enough to be obedient. Obedience means to listen, to hear†¦ Many marriages and friendships fall apart and die because people these days are not humble enough to listen to the other person. He said to give God a human face, in whatever we do and wherever we are, be it a hospital, prison or at home. Following the sermon, the mass proceed ed into the offering of ‘Bread and Wine. The bread is believed to be the body of Christ, while the wine is the blood of Christ. The priest blessed these gifts with prayer and the congregation participated by answering the prayer. After blessing, communion took place with people coming to the center in lines and receiving the bread given by the priest on their tongue. They returned with their heads bowed and continued their personal prayer of thanking God for his blessings. The things that had been used for