Saturday, December 28, 2019

Review of Ibsens A Dolls House - 1265 Words

In Henrik Ibsens play A Dolls House, it becomes clear by the fourth act that Nora Helmer and her husband Torvald no longer share the same definition of what constitutes a reasonable human being. In the third act of the play, the submission of a wife to her husbands wishes is seen as Helmers definition of what constitutes reasonable behavior: Helmer: There, you see it was quite right of me not to let you stay there any longer. Nora: Everything you do is quite right, Torvald. Helmer (kissing her on the forehead): Now my little skylark is speaking reasonably. (Ibsen 64) But in the plays shocking fourth act, when Nora announces her decision to leave her husband, Torvald accuses Nora of forsaking her duties as a wife and mother, and Nora offers quite a different definition of what constitutes a reasonable human being: Helmer: Before all else, you are a wife and a mother. Nora: I dont believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are or, at all events, that I must try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them. (Ibsen 76) The dramatic twist here is how Nora chooses to define herself. Helmer is attempting to define her in terms of her responsibilities to him andShow MoreRelated Essay on Lies and Self-realization in A Dolls House1162 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-realization in A Dolls House    In Ibsens play,   A Dolls House,   the characters willingly exist in a situation of untruth or inadequate truth that conceals conflict.   Noras independent nature is in contradiction to the tyrannical authority of Torvald.   This conflict is concealed by the way they both hide their true selves from society, each other, and ultimately themselves.   Just like Nora and Torvald, every character in this play is trapped in a situation of untruth. A Dolls House, can beRead More A Dolls House: A Push To Freedom Essay examples1371 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometime after the publication of quot;A Dolls Housequot;, Henrik Ibsen spoke at a meeting of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He explained to the group, quot;I must decline the honor of being said to have worked for the Womens Rights movement. I am not even very sure what Womens Rights are. To me it has been a question of human rightsquot; ( ). quot;A Dolls Housequot; is often interpreted by readers, teachers, and critics alike as an attackRead More A Dolls House: The Analysis of Nora and Her Case of Leaving Her Family.1074 Words   |  5 PagesIn Henrik Ibesens play A Doll House, Nora Helmer struggles with telling her husband, Torvald Helmer, the truth about a loan she receives for them to go to Italy when he was sick. Consequently, when Torvald learns of the news he instantly insults Nora and declares that she has ruined [his] happiness (Ibesen 93). However, when Torvald tries to dismiss his insults after receiving a note that her contract was revoked, she does not accept his apologizes and decides to leave Torvald and her childrenRead More Essay on Animal Imagery in A Dolls House974 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Imagery in A Dolls House    Animal imagery in Henrick Ibsens play, A Dolls House is a critical part of the character development of Nora, the protagonist. Ibsen uses creative, but effective, animal imagery to develop Noras character throughout the play. He has Torvald call his wife his little lark(Isben) or sulky squirrel(Isben) or other animal names throughout the play. He uses a lot of bird imagery-calling her many different bird names. The name Torvald uses directlyRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1005 Words   |  5 Pageshow the characters would continue life. In The English Review article â€Å"A New World for Women† writer Stephanie Forward claims â€Å"Henrik Ibsen’s Plays were staged as part of a privately subsidized feminist experimental project†. Which brings the topic of Henrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Ibsen’s stage play â€Å"A Doll’s House† is heavily debated because of the theme. One theme is certain throughout the play and it is the portrayal of women. Ibsen’s play describes the constant struggle in relationshipsRead MoreA Woman of Di fferent Ideas Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesThe roles of men and women evolve over time. In 1879 the roles, obligations, and expectations of a man and woman were very different from those today. In A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen illustrates the reproachful role of women in society and how appearances can be deceiving. A man was considered the head of the house. He brought home the money, supported the family, and took care of anything of business matter. Women were to take care of housework, the children, and their duties as a wife. The manRead MoreHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1529 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House questions the gender roles of women in society through its characters, namely Nora Helmer and Christina Linden, before and after marriage. What are gender roles exactly? Gender roles are the combination is specific gender stereotypes that consist of the perceptions of the society of what an ideal male/female should act like (Lindsey and Christy). This paper aims to question whether the gender roles of Nora Helmer and Christina Linden of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House areRead MoreThe Transformation of a Woman - Ibsens a Dolls House1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe Transformation of a Woman In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, the character of Nora Helmer is a woman who undergoes a profound life revelation that results in her becoming a woman with a belief structure and understanding of self that is far ahead of her time. At the beginning of the play, Nora thinks as a woman of her era; her identity is formed as her father’s daughter and continued as a wife to Torvald Helmer. At the end of the play Nora â€Å"discovers her individuality then walksRead MoreA Doll’s House and Top Girls2459 Words   |  10 Pagesof A Doll’s House and Top Girls Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls both are a pillar of critical writing about the society they were originally produced in and have a central theme of the oppression of women, which makes them great sources of feminist reviews. Although Ibsen â€Å"abandoned the concept that the play was about gender roles† (Urban, 1997), the central question is beyond the original context within which the plays were produced and received. A Doll’s House canRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen1712 Words   |  7 PagesIn Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll House, Nora Helmer represents many feministic ideals of the late eighteen hundreds. The ending is often what the play as a whole is remembered by, due to its shocking nature. Nora, the female lead of the play decides to leave her home suddenly, after a confrontation with her husband Torvald and never returns. Many saw this as a huge decision that was made abruptly, however what they fa il to notice are the aspects that motivated Nora from the start of the play. At first

Friday, December 20, 2019

Healthcare System Issues For The Elderly - 931 Words

Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly: Medicare Decisions Name Institution Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly: Medicare Decisions The Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) was established in 1967 in efforts to increase health coverage. For that matter, Medicare was purposely established to increase health coverage and as well as allow the less fortunate/vulnerable individuals in the society access quality and affordable healthcare (CMS, 2015). Today, Medicare and Medicaid collectively cover about one hundred million Americans. Among the largest group covered by Medicare are the elderly persons. At the old age, the vulnerability to various illness increase. Despite an increasing elderly population in the country, the majority of them cannot afford to pay out of pocket for health care services or pay for a private health insurance. As a result, Medicare aims at providing different coverage plans that are also affordable (CMS, 2015). For that matter, this paper will focus on the various coverage plans offered by Medicare and the ease with which elderly persons can make decisions regarding the coverage plans. Medicare Health Coverage Plans Medicare is funded and managed by the federal government to offer a broad range of health coverage services. However, there are four major coverage plans. These programs are designated by the letter A, B, C and D (Medicare, 2015). The first health coverage plan is the hospital insurance, and it is typicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Medicare Funding Crisis : Congressman Hughes1359 Words   |  6 Pageshas been scrutinized on how the system is funded and in its comparison to the results of health outcomes as more people are enrolling into the system. It is very difficult to address the federal deficit, our national debt, Medicare, and many economic issues that plague our country. There are many opportunities that are in front of us to reach a resolution in an attempt at saving this healthcare entitlement. I am very concerned on the lack of information on this issue and also the amount of misinformationRead MoreHow The Uk Government Policies Overcome The Barri ers Elderly People Face When Accessing Healthcare Services1614 Words   |  7 Pagesproportion of elderly people is raising. Older people are soften frail and have more complex health and social care needs, which increase the pressure in the healthcare system. It has to meet elderly people needs, however, elderly people are to facing many barriers when accessing healthcare services. Some of these barriers are going to be studied in this research. Those are: transport, knowledge and information, and hospital discharge. UK Government is aware of the problems elderly people have inRead MoreMedicare: The United States First Medical Social Insurance Program847 Words   |  3 Pagesinsurance to the elderly and protect them from financial hardship due to illness. A thorough investigation of this program reveals the overall history, financial cost, and the total effect that it has had on the healthcare system. The idea of a national healthcare plan was first introduced in 1945 by President Harry Truman. Although President Truman was unsuccessful in creating a government administered healthcare program, he was successful in bringing attention to the issue of healthcare in the UnitedRead MoreThe Arkansas Aging Initiative Encourages Hospitals For Practice Holistic And Team Approach Care1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arkansas Aging Initiative encourages hospitals to practice holistic and team approach care. Christus S. Michael Health System in Texarkana, Texas houses one of eight satellite centers on aging implemented by the AAI. The AAI offers two types of services: team service and education service. A geriatrician, an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), and a social worker form the teams that follow its patients through various health care settings such as in hospitals, clinics, homes and nursingRead MoreHealth Care Vs. United States1361 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Comparison Throughout the world, many different healthcare systems exist. The number one system in the world is France. Unfortunately, the United States does not rank very high on the list at number thirty-seven out of fifty different nations. Many larger and smaller countries are ranked higher than the United States. However, it is important to compare these different systems in order to find an ideal system that can improve population health, improve individual care, and reduce theRead MoreThe Two Sources Given Both Dealt With The Costs Of Elder1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe two sources given both dealt with the costs of elder care. As used in the sources, elder care is the healthcare processes of the non-incarcerated American population aged above sixty-five years old. That segment of the population presents a unique burden on the healthcare system, since its health naturally tends to be weaker than the younger segments of the population. Its health also gradually declines as the individual s within the segment age. In America, where everyone is required to haveRead MoreWireless Sensor Networks For Continuous Healthcare Monitoring1702 Words   |  7 PagesWireless Sensor Networks for Continuous Healthcare Monitoring BABATOLA FOLUSO FAHINA Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England. babsfash1@gmail.com Abstract— The healthcare monitoring applications of wireless sensor networks may require the properties of unobtrusiveness and continuity. The continuous tracking of the health state would address the challenges of caregiving for the elderly and performance checking for athletes during training. The application mustRead MoreHow Fight The War On Poverty And Turn These Unwanted Pregnancy Into A Financial Blessing962 Words   |  4 Pageslife expectancy of Americans 65 and older has nearly doubled during the 20th century and is expected to double again within the next 25 years. Unplanned pregnancies are also another issue affecting our population that is causing burdens on the healthcare system. Unplanned pregnancies not only a burden the healthcare system, but also on the parents of the unborn. In many instances the expecting parents are mere children themselves and in other situations they are living in the poverty level and cannotRead MoreHealth Care Of Elderly Medicare Patie nts899 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Veteris Health, LLC is a healthcare company specializing in the care of elderly Medicare patients. Although its headquarters is located in Cleveland, Ohio, it serves elderly people across the nation. Veteris Health contracts with Medicare health insurance providers and provider networks across the United States to provide extensive in-home health assessments of the Medicare insurance providers’ clients at no cost to the patient. The assessment consists of everything from seeing how theRead MoreEthics Of Robot Companionship And Elderly Care1081 Words   |  5 PagesEthics of Robot Companionship and Elderly Care 1. The Ethical Issue The elderly population is growing in the United Sates. According to the Department of Health and Human Service, the older population –people aged 65 and over– â€Å"represented 14.1% in the population in the year 2013 and are expected to grow to be 21.7% of the population by 2040† (â€Å"Administration on Aging† 1). And since many adult children live far away from their parents, some people suggests that using robot as companies can ease

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Comparison Between Programming Languages †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparison Between Programming Languages? Answer: Introduction Computer programs are alluded as programming. In the era of 1950s, high level languages had been developed that enables us to develop intense as well as complex programs without having knowledge of the functionality of CPU. The compiler converts the code into machine language and then interpret the result in high level languages which are easy to understand by users. (https://www.pearsonhighered.com/, 2008) C++ Language Data Types - In order to write source code of any language, various variables are required to save some data. This implies when we make a variable we hold a few space in memory. (https://cds.iisc.ac.in/, 2016). There are some other derived data types such as Abstract, enumerated, pointer etc. ADTs are able to support Abstraction, encapsulation processes. (Schmidt, D., C., 2017). The main design issues related to ADT are - Can it be possible to parameterize these data types? The second main design issue related to data types of C++ is can it possible to restrict the access through pointers? And the last one is what form Business for the interface can be provided? (Nguyen, T., 2016). Arrays - C++ does exclude a built in array type. If the memory of array is allotted to C++, the first element is remembered and adjoining space adequate to store all components of the array. The most difficult part is to write the memory which is not reserved by the array and that can consist of other data from different programs or may be operating systems. (Lewandowski, S., M., 2017). The main design issues of arrays include what values can be possible for subscripts? Can it be possible to allocate arrays, if so then at what time? What should be number of subscripts that are allowed in an array? Is it necessary to initialize arrays when their storage is allocated? (Tiwari, R., 2015). Arithmetic Expressions The main issues which needs to be take care before designing arithmetic expressions are operator precedence, operator associativity rule, what will be operator overloading, what will be side effects of operations evaluation in C++ programming? (https://aturing.umcs.maine.edu, 2017). Selection Statements Selection statements are syntax that helps to choose one option when we have choice between different options. The main design issues of selection statements of C++ language includes what form or type can be used in C++ selection statements, How we can use Then and Else syntax, How we can specify the importance of nested selectors? (https://www2.southeastern.edu, 2017). Iterative Statements There are two design issues included in C++ iterative statements that includes what is the process to control the execution of iterative statements and where we have to write the control mechanism of the loop? (https://www2.southeastern.edu, 2017). JAVA Language Name - JAVA Data Type Java innovation is utilized to create applications for an extensive variety of environment, from consumer to heterogeneous endeavor frameworks. (Perry, J., S., 2010). The main design issues regarding data types of JAVA can include how to define syntactic unit where we have to encapsulate the type definition? What is a technique that can be used for making type names as well as subprogram headers? Why it actually hides the definitions? What are the few primitive operations that must be incorporated with the language processor (https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/, 2017). Array The main design issues that are incorporated in array definition are - what legal subscripts can be possible, is it possible to check subscript expressions in element reference range, when it is possible to bound subscript range, Is it possible to bound multidimensional arrays and how we can index arrays? (Lewandowski, S., M., 2017). Arithmetic Expression The design issues that are included in arithmetic expressions are - what is the right order to evaluate operands, is it possible to define user defined operators, what mode of mixing can be possible in expressions? (https://courses.cs.vt.edu, 2017). Selection Statements The selection statement design issues incorporate what is the frame and type of the articulation that controls the selection, how we can specify then and else conditions in a statement, how should the significance of nested selectors be determined? (https://cs2.uco.edu/, 2017). Iterative Statements Its design issues include - How to control iteration statements, what are its entrance and its exit, where we have to use the control mechanism in the defined loop? (https://cs2.uco.edu/, 2017). PASCAL Language Name Pascal Language Data Type - Pascal, is the programming language of today that permits nested procedure definitions to any level of profundity, and furthermore permits most type of definitions and presentations inside subroutines (procedures and functions). The main design issues regarding data type include - character type can be defined as primitive type or only a special kind and the length of string can be taken as static or dynamic? (Christine, 2017). Array All the language have similar array definition with different syntaxes. Design issues of arrays of PASCAL language include can it be possible to support any type of slices, how we can initialize array objects, what subscripts range bound can be possible? (Christine, 2017). Arithmetic Expressions The design issues regarding arithmetic expressions are - how Type mixing can be possible in expressions, what are the side effects of Operand evaluation, how we can define associativity rule in operators? Selection Statements The design issues of selection statements lies in how nested selector can be specified, how we can use Then and Else in a selection statement? (Pratibha, 2017). Iterative Statements The iterative statements of PASCAL have different design issues. These include how we can control the execution of iteration statements, how nested selector can be specified in the statements? (Pratibha, 2017). PYTHON Language Name Python Language Data Type Its design issue while defining data type is what operations can be possible with data types and how these data types can be used in a syntax? Array The array has different design issues that include - Is it possible to check subscripting expressions in element references range, when to bound subscript range? Arithmetic Expressions Its design issues are - what are mode mixing expressions, how we can define the operator precedence rule, what is operator overloading? Selection Statements Selection statements of PYTHON language has also some design issues that are - how we can specify selection segments, how we can represent selector expression value? Iterative Statements Iterative statements design issues are - how it is possible to control the flow of execution of iteration statements, how we can defined the control in a statement pretest/ posttest, the conditional mechanism needs to be integral part of the exit or only body of loop? (https://www.tamps.cinvestav.mx, 2017). References Abstract Data Types. Retrieved from - https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ICS/sukairi/ics313(021)/11-Abstract%20Data%20Types.pdf Arithmetic Expressions. Retrieved from - https://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3304/Spring04/notes/Chapter-6/Expressions.pdf Chapter 7 - Expressions and Assignment Statements. Retrieved from - https://aturing.umcs.maine.edu/~meadow/courses/cos301/cos301-7.pdf Christine (2017). Chapter 6 - Data types. Retrieved from - https://chii90.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/chapter-6-data-types-review-questions/ Expressions and Assignment Statements. Retrieved from - https://www.tamps.cinvestav.mx/~gtoscano/clases/Prog/archivos/expressions.pdf Introduction to Computers and Programming. Retrieved from - https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/3/2/1/0321537114.pdf Learn C++ programming language. Management - https://cds.iisc.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/DS286.AUG2016.Lab2_.cpp_tutorial.pdf Lewandowski, S., M. (2017). Design Issues In Java and C++. Retrieved from - https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.31.1547rep=rep1type=pdf Nguyen, T. (2016). Abstract data types. Retrieved from - https://www.slideshare.net/TonyNguyen197/abstract-data-types-61715316 Perry, J., S. (2010). Java language basics - Object-oriented programming on the Java platform. Retrieved from - https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/tutorials/j-introtojava1/index.html Pratiba (2017). Expressions and statements. Retrieved from - https://www.eenadupratibha.net/pratibha/engineering/pro_lan_exp_and_Sta_Unit4.html Schmidt, D., C. (2017). Object-Oriented Design and Programming. Retrieved from - https://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/PDF/C++-adts4.pdf Statement-Level Control Structures. Retrieved from - https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/kyang/2014/Fall/CMPS401/ClassNotes/CMPS401ClassNotesChap08.pdf Tiwari, R. (2015). What is an array? What are the design issues for arrays? Retrieved from - https://mpstudy.com/what-is-an-array-what-are-the-design-issues-for-arrays/

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Mannerism and the Baroque age Essay Example For Students

Mannerism and the Baroque age Essay Mannerism, which literally means style, was a period in European art that began in Italy in the final years of the Renaissance and lasted until it was replaced by Baroque, about 1520 to 1600. During this time, young artists were trying to establish their own style, with a new approach to painting and interpretation of the human experience. They had their difficulties as it were. Virtually everything that could be done, had been done. The artists of the Renaissance, masters such as Raphael and Michelangelo, studied the human form and nature for inspiration. Their art was balanced and harmonious. The proportions of their subjects were authentic and their art was often religious in nature. Mannerist, however, often painted their subjects with disproportionate features, such as elongated necks and limbs. Open spaces were filled with objects or fugues that were often unnecessary. Subjects poses were often difficult, if not impossible, for a real human to achieve, colors clashed, and themes were often grim and menacing, reflecting the upheaval of Europe at this time. During the 16th century, Rome was sacked, ending the Italian Renaissance, the Catholic Church was losing ground during the Protestant Reformation, the Eighty-years War surged in the Netherlands and Spain, and the Plague killed millions across Europe and Asia. Many felt the disproportionate tone of Mannerism was a rejection of the balance of the High Renaissance and the idealism it represented (Smyth). Baroque style originated in the late 16th century and included art, music and architecture. Originally meaning rough pearl, Baroque is now used to mean elaborate or dramatic. At the time, it was intended to arouse strong emotion in TTS observers. During the Council of Trend (1545-1563), the Catholic Church decided that artists should render their religious works to inform the illiterate, rather than the knowledgeable. They ordered that the message should be direct and that it should evoke strong emotions for the viewer, clearly challenging the Protestant Reformation and giving the Catholic Church back their image of grandeur and prestige. In painting, Baroques realism was a response to the fantasy of Mannerism and the focus shifted back again from the artist to the subject. Baroque artists employed a ore balanced technique, richer colors, more elaborate settings, and a clearer message. They presented their art at the climax of the action, each piece telling a story, typically using all available space. Mannerist art lacked a story and was focused on the virtuosity of the artist. It was witty and exaggerated. Mannerist artists appealed to the intelligence and humor of art patrons, rejecting the stiffness and formality of the Renaissance. Baroque artists attempted to engage the more emotional and realistic aspects of life in their work, returning to the beauty of the Renaissance, without the constraint and formality during the Baroque age, the world was on a course of discovery that would lead men to understand life and our place in the universe more than ever before. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the laws to gravity, Galileo observed celestial existence using the first telescopes, and physicians and scientists made huge strides in understanding the workings of the human body. Artists melodramatic use of lighting and space in their paintings reflected this age of discovery and experimentation. (Schaller) In the Mannerist Bronzers Deposition of Christ (1540-1545), Chrisms body is held by the Virgin Mary and supported by SST. John the Evangelist and Mary Magdalene. They are surrounded by onlookers while busy cherubs fill the air. The colors are bright pastels and the lighting is undefined. The fingers and toes of each subject are elongated, as is the neck of Mary Magdalene, and the faces reflect a rather neutral emotional state. Their positioning is graceful, yet unnatural. The individuals in the background appear detached and disinterested in the death of Christ. Art in the Baroque Period EssayOn observation, one can appreciate the talent of the artist and is reminded of the sacrifice of Jesus at Calvary, but the feelings of grief and personal loss are absent as the painting takes on more of a decorative tone Rueben Baroque work, The Descent from the Cross (1612-1614), depicts Chrisms body being removed from the cross by eight individuals including, the Virgin Mary, Joseph of Reanimate, SST. John, and Mary Magdalene. The colors used are deep and rich. The action fills the entire space of the painting and the movements and positions of the subjects appear natural and fitting. The dark, late tone of the setting is illuminated by divine light as it traverses the gloomy, overcast sky. Rueben proportions are true and one can feel the grief of the participants as they lower their deceased Lord. The horror of the moment is evident. In Baroque art, the observer is engaged with the work and can feel part of the action (Hunt) Mannerist and Baroque styles emerged from the age of the Renaissance as the world, tired of its idealistic images, sought for more authentic and creative portrayals of life and existence. As the art world shifted from the stiff and idealistic Renaissance to the emotional Baroque period, the unlikely bridge was the Mannerist style. In both The Descent from the Cross and Deposition of Christ, the artists depicted the death of Christ as a human tragedy. Although Bronzers painting lacks the emotion and suffering of Rueben painting, the observer of either work is forced to consider the agony of the Virgin Mary as she holds the body of Jesus. The coloring of Chrisms flesh in both works is consistent with death and we can begin to understand the magnitude of the sacrifice that was made for the salvation of mankind. This transition to realism made the impact of art personal to all who viewed it as art patrons were no longer Just wealthy aristocrats, but common citizens, as well. Artificial perfection and static imagery gave way to fluid movement, disharmony, emotion, and a sense of infinity. As much as Mannerist art and Baroque art differed, they were both responsible for ushering out the conventional rigidity and classicism of the Renaissance and allowing artists to depict the human condition in a more emotional and authentic manner. Even if Mannerism was too quirky to endure, it allowed the world to demand art that everyone could identify with and enjoy. (Baroque) Baroque. (n. D. ). Retrieved from academics. Smart. Due/rebel/Survey of Art History II/Baroque. HTML web. 5 Deck 2013 Hunt, Martin, Rosenstein, and Smith . The Making of the West (third De. ). Boston: Bedford/ SST. Martins. 2010 Print Smyth, Craig Hugh. 1992. Mannerism and Mariner, with an introduction by Elizabeth Cropper. Vienna Web. 5 Deck 2013 Schaller, G. Iconography of Christian Art, Volvo. II, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphreys, London, 2012 Print.