The Sniper by Liam OFlaherty :: Sniper Liam OFlaherty Essays Papers

The Sniper by Liam O'Flaherty As a socialistic society we live in we find ourselves in positions were conflicts arise between friends or family. 'The Sniper'; was written by Liam O ' Flaherty to express a subtle yet powerful opinion on such a conflict. With references this essay will analyse the short story bringing to light the structure used to contribute to the theme. The basic plot of the story is based during an evening within the Irish civil wars. It tells of a republican sniper sitting on a rooftop and neutralising enemy units as the cross a bridge. When a free-states sniper shows himself on an opposite roof they wage a fierce and innovative war to see who would end up the better. Eventually the republican sniper gains the upper hand and after taking a bullet in the arm destroys the worthy opponent. After a curious inspection to the identity of the enemy sniper he finds himself looking into the eyes of his dead brother. The story is written in 3rd person P.O.V as to give an idea of the setting, and as they waged their war the outside person could give unbiased information of which would have been limited if it were to be presented in a 1st person P.O.V. We wouldn't have got an unbiased opinion of the two snipers, which defeats the purpose of the theme. How the setting was expressed is also a vital part for the development of the story. The opening paragraph gives a vivid description of the situation as would physically been seen. 'The long June twilight faded into night. Dublin lay enveloped in darkness, but for the dim light of the moon, which shone through fleecy clouds, casting a pale light as of approaching dawn over the streets and the dark waters of the Liffey.'; This extract emphasises the lonely, outworld feeling that would have been felt living in such settings. This puts into perspective the feeling that will be felt during the coarse of the plot development.

Organizational Change Essay

Given the complex nature and competitive environment under which modern organizations operate ,the way forward for organization is to adopt strategies ,methods and practices which enable them to be ahead of their competitors. Recently global ,political and economic events such as liberations of economics,arising cost of productions ,global economic downtown ,the many competing and substitute products in the market and the spill over effects of the terrorist attacks in America, have led many organization to retrench adopt stringent cost cutting measures and to think of appropriate measures of attracting the largest number of consumers and secure a leading market share in a given industry . To remain competitive, modern organization should aim at uniqueness and superiority in all spheres of their operations ;in technology ,work procedures ,good and services ,approaches to the various management function of planning ,organizing,staffing , directing and controlling . These changes are only possible through creative and innovative thinking . The survival and continued relevance of organizations in the market place therefore depends on the strategies and survival tactics evolved by these organizations to respond to changes in the operating environment. One of the greatest challenges facing organizations therefore is the management of change in a manner that encourages pro activity and ensures continued relevance . Organization change can be defined from various perspectives . One commonly used definition of change is alteration of existing activities ,change can also be defined as innovative; the basic sense of introducing something new in the organization. Organizational change in the sense of improvement therefore refers to activities aimed at strengthening organizational performance such as new technology, work policy ,procedure,product,work attitudes and structural design . Creativity is the process through which a change can be introduced in an organization. It refers to the generation of new ideas into a real product ,service or method of production . Organization change ,creativity and innovation through creative ideas most be capable of being implemented. A creative ideas work therefore be useless unless it is innovative . Organizational change may be necessitated by pressure from outside or within the organization Cole G. A. 1996), Management Theory and Practice says that external forces for change are those forces which operate from outside organization,These include ; forces of competition ,for example competitors changing their strategies and other methods of operations; economic forces such as poor economic performance may require new cost cutting measures; political and legal forces such as passage of new laws by the government . Economic liberalization policy which no longer affords protection to local firms may require them to adopt new methods in products strategies in order to remain in competitive in the face of the inflow of foreign goods. Technological forces,for example,new technology of a firm obsolete ;social cultural forces such as change as in societal norms,values and altitudes should be accompanied by corresponding changes in goods and services. For example, a changes in taste require that a company must change quality levels,feature of existing products and services or introduce a completely new product in the market;physical forces like change in weather and climatic patterns,for example,adverse weather effects may require a company to adjust its production program. This may be due to shortage of essential agricultural based raw materials. Other external forces for change may be;creditors changing their lending policies which would mean that companies must work harder than before;trade unions imposing new conditions on matters affecting employees;consumer protection organizations insisting on specific quality standards hence the need to be quality sensitive;consumer insisting on quality and efficient services other than low prices or fees charged. Internal forces for change include;existing procedures which have become irrelevant and the existing structures which are too rigid hence the need for flexible structures;centralized systems of authority which is no longer effective after major organizational growth and expansion ;negative working attitudes by workers which need to be changed through new policies,rules and procedures,existing technology which may be obsolete and the organization has to adopt the new technology for it to improve efficiency and the competitive edge against other competitors;existing products and services which are no longer competitive in the market;existing training program which have become irrelevant in light of changes in work methods and technology;existing compensation policy which is not motivational such as automatic salary increment not based on merit. Anew compensation method for example payment by results may be adopted or introduced in the organization n facing up these internal triggers for change,management have to plan how they will respond to them. Some potential changes will have been announced well before hand and in these cases planning is taken care of pro actively . Koontz and Weirich (1995)Management:A global perspective, defined a change agent as any person or a group of people who may identify and recommend the need for change in an organization . Examples include, a committee set by the management, a task force, board of directors,shareholders,managers or individual employees. An employee for example may identify a difficulty or a weakness in the existing work procedures and suggest change to the management. If the change is rather insignificant and may not affect the final results,an employee may just implement such a change without a further consultations. Organizational change may be introduced in a planned or in reactive manner. A planned change is introduced pro actively when the organization identifies the need based on the benefits believed to come from change without disrupting operational processes. All change will incur some direct costs,for example,equipment costs,relocation costs,recruitment costs and possible redundancy payments. There will be also indirect costs such as communicating the changes to employees ,providing appropriate training and temporarily redeploying key managers and staff on change projects. An organization should also consider what might be the costs of not introducing the proposed changes. The resources required are identified in advance,employees trained or prepared accordingly adequate measures put in place to deal with the effects of change such as resistance to change. A reactive change on the other hand is normally introduced in an abrupt manner through a piecemeal approaches. A company waits until the pressure for change becomes too much and simply reacts through measures which can lead to immediate solution of a problem. For example, when there is ‘cut throat’ price competition , a company may wait until it finds it unavoidable to reduce its prices when it is not able to survive in the market by maintaining its prices. According to Lewin Schein model , a model propounded by Kurt Lewin and Edgar Sshein,German Management theorists ,change can be introduced in an organization through the following steps:unfreezing that is,identifying the need for change and making it clear to employees how the organization will benefit by changing the status quo;change the transition period in the change process when employees abandon the old practices and adopt the new practices or change from the old to new attitudes ;refreezing which are the measures taken by the management which would ensure that employees sustain or continue with the changed attitudes or behavior. Emotional support,encouragement or financial reward may be provided. Through positive reinforcements ,new practices become the accepted ways of doing things in an organization. One of the principal ways in which organization can bring about planned change is by means of organization development. Organization development is a strategy for improving organizational effectiveness by means of behavioral science approaches,involving application of diagnostic and problem solving skills by an external consultant in collaboration with the organizational management. Organization development is an organization wide process,it takes an essentially systems view of the organization;it utilizes the techniques and approaches of the behavioral sciences that is psychology and sociology;it also involves the intervention of an external third party in the shape of a change agent trained and experienced in behavioral science application in the work situation. Organization development is aimed at organization effectiveness that is,it is something more than management development ;it is concerned with changing structures and decision processes as it is with changing people’s behavior. Organization development is about change and this change can be painful especially when it involves peoples attitudes ,beliefs and self image. The organization development is utilized when the senior management of an organization come to recognize that the key components of the organization system are not working harmoniously together. There is no one best way of introducing and designing an organization development program in an organization. It first takes a preliminary stage whereby the senior management team discusses the scope and implications of an a organization development with the change agent. This includes discussion about the aims of a possible program and the means by which it might be achieved. It also includes a consideration of the possible implication for the organization arising from the implementation of a program;it then define the nature of the relation ship between the change agent and the organization’s management that is,whether the change agent is to play the role of an expert , a catalyst for new ideas ,educator or some other agreed role. If the agreement is reached about the idea of commencing an organization development program then it goes to the next stage of analysis and diagnosis where the change agent usually takes the initiative by designing appropriate methods for obtaining relevant information for example,interviews and surveys and by proposing a strategy for putting these into operation with the full backing of the management team. The information obtained should clarify the problems facing the organization,and build up a picture of staff attitude and opinions as well as supplying some important suggestions as to how the problems would be solved. On the basis of information received,the management team and the change agent agree their diagnosis of the situation . The management team in close collaboration with the change agent agree on what are the aims and objectives of the program. These aims could be to improve profitability ,secure a share of new market ,improve staff motivation or other desired improve ment. To these ends,specific objectives would be useful,such as to achieve the restructuring of the company along matrix lines over a period of say , one and a half years and obtain the full commitment of all the management staff to an open and democratic style of leadership or to reduce substantially the number of customer complaints about after sale service. The organization’s problems have been analyzed ,a diagnosis of the overall situation has been made and agreement has been reached about the aims and the objectives of the exercise,it then behooves a moment of planning the content and the sequence of activities designed to achieve the aims of the programs. Much of the tactics in the planning stage will be influenced by the change agent whose skills and expertise knowledge in behavioral matters will be brought to bear on the manner of introducing the various organizational development activities. These activities will be examined more closely in bits noting the progression. Once the plans have been put into action,it is very imperative that they should be monitored at frequent intervals by the management and the change agent. Difficulties and misconceptions are bound to occur and these must be noted as soon as possible and dealt with quickly. If a particular activity is having adverse results,it will have to be amended or even dropped from the programs. From time to time more substantial reviews of the progress towards the aims and objectives of the exercise will be required ,and this often leads to comparing the results against the benchmarks which are the objectives of the whole change process. In light of the major review it is possible that some important revisions of the aims may be important for which further series of plans will be necessary. The success of any organization development concerning change process in an organization depends largely on the part played by the change agent. The change agent is at the core center of the entire organizations development process. If the change agent is not able to build a firm relationship between himself and the management team concerned,or if he fails to establish his credibility with a range of other groups,his chances of obtaining a sense of commitment required in the whole process are so low. Conversely,if the gains trust and respect both as a person and as a skilled adviser, then he stands a better chance of achieving his own contribution to the aims and the objectives of the program. The roles of a change agent are a multiple ones. These roles range from the highly directive,leadership type of roles to a non-directive counseling role. In the first place,he prescribes what is best for his clients and on the other hand ,he will reflect issues and problems back to his clients without offering any judgment to himself. Qualities of intellect and personality are also important with the change agent in particular the ability to listen and to apply rational approaches to problems and situations;also a mature outlook in terms of awareness and acceptance of personal strengths and weakness. Abilities required are not only those associated with behavioral science knowledge but more general skills such as interviewing skills,presentation skills and the ability to establish and maintain comfortable relationship with a wide cross-section of people. This combination of attributes suggests that a change agent will not always be readily available. It takes a certain kind of character to be able to make the contribution to joint problem solving and decision making that is required in the organization development. The most significant benefits of an organization development program obviously depends on the needs of the organization at the commencement of the program. Organization development enables an organization to adapt to change in away that obtains the full commitment of the employees concerned that is,it instills a mind of change in the employees minds where they perceive themselves as apart of the whole process of change ;organization development can also lead to organization structures that will facilitate employee cooperation and the achievement of tasks in that it brings about the issue of critical thought and mind development whenever the employees swaps between the jobs and the ranks unlike when the the employees would on a p[articular job and role until the retirement hence change brings about new challenges to the employee which eventually turns around the status quo and implement the policies of an enterprise into improvement of services;it also release the ;latent energy and creativity in the organization by way of specialization;it provides opportunities for management development in the context of real organization problems and the way to solve them by involving all the parties concerned including employees in the decision making process;it may also stimulate more creative approaches to problem-solving throughout the entire organization. Finally,change increases the ability of the management groups to look as teams and this will eventually lead to the achievement of longterm goals of the company. Resistance to change has been associated with the change and accepted as a major element of any change process. No matter how change may benefit the organization and individual employees,there will always be a tendency to resist it. Stower J.  F (2000) Management,says that change may result from fear of the unknown ,for example,potential difficulties or uncertainties which may come along with a new method or a procedure;fear of losing power,prestige or status that is fear of perceived inferiority complex towards the subordinates;fear of losing job related opportunities such as promotion or lack of care growth;failure to understand why a change is being introduced due to poor communication;perpetual differences between individual employees ,managers or work groups;fear of losing a job or going for further training when computerization program is to be undertaken or a major change are to be introduced through business process re-engineering . The management should device ways of reducing some of the resistance to change in an organization such ways as;conduct an education and communicate effectively with employees on the need and benefits of change;involve employees in planning the change process ;negotiate with employees or departments which are likely to resist changes ;introduce change in piecemeal manner and provide emotional support including time off during the most difficult period of the change process;selectively use information which gives emphasis on positive aspects of change. Employees likely to resist change may also be co-opted or assigned new positions created during the change process. In order to create an environment in which people think creatively and develop suitable ideas for change ,the management of an organization should take the following measures;develop an acceptance for change,employees must think strategically and believe that change is inevitable for the organization survival;provide a clea r objectives and freedom to achieve them. Organization members who are given clear objectives would be stimulated to meet them . Their creativity will have a purpose and direction ;a conducive environment for creativity is enhanced if individual have the opportunities to interact with members of their own and other work groups. Such interaction encourages team spirit ,exchange of useful information,free flow of ideas and fresh perspective on problems,also make it clear in word and deeds that the management welcomes new ideas. Managers who closely supervise every action of subordinates encourage them to follow orders rather than to experiment with new ideas. Because of tough competition ,resource scarcity and high equipment costs,the only way to ensure survival in any industry is change through creativity and innovation. Any idea that leads to more efficient and effective operation should be explored and implemented,hence a new idea may be a boon in an organization.

Sexual Harassment Awareness And Prevention - 7457 Words

Sexual Harassment Awareness Prevention An Important Presentation of the ABC Company! Student Workbook for in-class presentation Table of Contents SEXUAL HARASSMENT AWARENESS PREVENTION 1 COURSE OBJECTIVES: 3 WHY TAKE THIS COURSE 4 THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION 4 TITLE VII OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 4 PROFILE OF AN OFFENDER 5 Cases are on the Rise 6 SEXUAL HARASSMENT DEFINED 6 SEXUAL HARASSMENT CHARACTERISTICS 6 Visual 6 Verbal 7 Nonverbal 7 Physical 7 REAL WORLD SCENARIOS 7 LEGALLY SPEAKING, TWO TYPES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT 8 Quid Pro Quo 8 Hostile Environment 11 MORE REAL WORLD SCENARIOS 11 THE ‘REASONABLE PERSON’ STANDARD 11 ï‚ ´SELF CHECK QUESTIONS 13 UNWANTED UNWELCOME 15 HOW DO I KNOW IF MY BEHAVIOR IS HARASSING? 16 MYTHS ABOUT SEXUAL HARASSMENT 16 REPORTING HARASSMENT 18 First, tell the offender to stop! 18 Keep documentation 18 Review the Company’s policies 18 Report the offense 18 CONFIDENTIALITY 18 RETALIATION 18 SEXUAL HARASSMENT PREVENTION STRATEGIES 19 Prevention 19 Zero Tolerance Policy 19 Watch Your Conduct 19 ï‚ ´SELF CHECK QUESTIONS 20 10 steps to the Harassment Free Workplace 22 DUTIES BEFORE AND AFTER A CLAIM 23 How do I stop sexual harassment? 23 1. First, tell the offender to stop! 29 2. Keep documentation 29 3. Review the Company’s policies 29 4. Report the offense 29 EASY ORDER FORM 34 Final Exam Information 34 Final Exam for Sexual Harassment Awareness 36 Course Objectives: In Sexual Harassment Awareness Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Sexual Harassment1651 Words   |  7 Pages Sexual harassment affects different people in different ways; many people every day are victims of this issue. Out of all these people, someone around may be going through this problem. What will society do to help prevent this problem? Sexual harassment can affect anyone. No matter what gender, race or age. â€Å"Every year thousands of cases involving this issue occur and only one out of five victims of this issue file a claim† (Vagianos). This is crazy! 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Review of Ibsens A Dolls House - 1265 Words

In Henrik Ibsens play A Dolls House, it becomes clear by the fourth act that Nora Helmer and her husband Torvald no longer share the same definition of what constitutes a reasonable human being. In the third act of the play, the submission of a wife to her husbands wishes is seen as Helmers definition of what constitutes reasonable behavior: Helmer: There, you see it was quite right of me not to let you stay there any longer. Nora: Everything you do is quite right, Torvald. Helmer (kissing her on the forehead): Now my little skylark is speaking reasonably. (Ibsen 64) But in the plays shocking fourth act, when Nora announces her decision to leave her husband, Torvald accuses Nora of forsaking her duties as a wife and mother, and Nora offers quite a different definition of what constitutes a reasonable human being: Helmer: Before all else, you are a wife and a mother. Nora: I dont believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are or, at all events, that I must try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them. (Ibsen 76) The dramatic twist here is how Nora chooses to define herself. 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In The English Review article â€Å"A New World for Women† writer Stephanie Forward claims â€Å"Henrik Ibsen’s Plays were staged as part of a privately subsidized feminist experimental project†. Which brings the topic of Henrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll’s House†. Ibsen’s stage play â€Å"A Doll’s House† is heavily debated because of the theme. One theme is certain throughout the play and it is the portrayal of women. Ibsen’s play describes the constant struggle in relationshipsRead MoreA Woman of Di fferent Ideas Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesThe roles of men and women evolve over time. In 1879 the roles, obligations, and expectations of a man and woman were very different from those today. In A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen illustrates the reproachful role of women in society and how appearances can be deceiving. A man was considered the head of the house. He brought home the money, supported the family, and took care of anything of business matter. Women were to take care of housework, the children, and their duties as a wife. The manRead MoreHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1529 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House questions the gender roles of women in society through its characters, namely Nora Helmer and Christina Linden, before and after marriage. What are gender roles exactly? Gender roles are the combination is specific gender stereotypes that consist of the perceptions of the society of what an ideal male/female should act like (Lindsey and Christy). This paper aims to question whether the gender roles of Nora Helmer and Christina Linden of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House areRead MoreThe Transformation of a Woman - Ibsens a Dolls House1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe Transformation of a Woman In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, the character of Nora Helmer is a woman who undergoes a profound life revelation that results in her becoming a woman with a belief structure and understanding of self that is far ahead of her time. At the beginning of the play, Nora thinks as a woman of her era; her identity is formed as her father’s daughter and continued as a wife to Torvald Helmer. At the end of the play Nora â€Å"discovers her individuality then walksRead MoreA Doll’s House and Top Girls2459 Words   |  10 Pagesof A Doll’s House and Top Girls Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls both are a pillar of critical writing about the society they were originally produced in and have a central theme of the oppression of women, which makes them great sources of feminist reviews. Although Ibsen â€Å"abandoned the concept that the play was about gender roles† (Urban, 1997), the central question is beyond the original context within which the plays were produced and received. A Doll’s House canRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen1712 Words   |  7 PagesIn Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll House, Nora Helmer represents many feministic ideals of the late eighteen hundreds. The ending is often what the play as a whole is remembered by, due to its shocking nature. Nora, the female lead of the play decides to leave her home suddenly, after a confrontation with her husband Torvald and never returns. Many saw this as a huge decision that was made abruptly, however what they fa il to notice are the aspects that motivated Nora from the start of the play. At first

Healthcare System Issues For The Elderly - 931 Words

Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly: Medicare Decisions Name Institution Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly: Medicare Decisions The Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) was established in 1967 in efforts to increase health coverage. For that matter, Medicare was purposely established to increase health coverage and as well as allow the less fortunate/vulnerable individuals in the society access quality and affordable healthcare (CMS, 2015). Today, Medicare and Medicaid collectively cover about one hundred million Americans. Among the largest group covered by Medicare are the elderly persons. At the old age, the vulnerability to various illness increase. Despite an increasing elderly population in the country, the majority of them cannot afford to pay out of pocket for health care services or pay for a private health insurance. As a result, Medicare aims at providing different coverage plans that are also affordable (CMS, 2015). For that matter, this paper will focus on the various coverage plans offered by Medicare and the ease with which elderly persons can make decisions regarding the coverage plans. Medicare Health Coverage Plans Medicare is funded and managed by the federal government to offer a broad range of health coverage services. However, there are four major coverage plans. These programs are designated by the letter A, B, C and D (Medicare, 2015). The first health coverage plan is the hospital insurance, and it is typicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Medicare Funding Crisis : Congressman Hughes1359 Words   |  6 Pageshas been scrutinized on how the system is funded and in its comparison to the results of health outcomes as more people are enrolling into the system. It is very difficult to address the federal deficit, our national debt, Medicare, and many economic issues that plague our country. There are many opportunities that are in front of us to reach a resolution in an attempt at saving this healthcare entitlement. I am very concerned on the lack of information on this issue and also the amount of misinformationRead MoreHow The Uk Government Policies Overcome The Barri ers Elderly People Face When Accessing Healthcare Services1614 Words   |  7 Pagesproportion of elderly people is raising. Older people are soften frail and have more complex health and social care needs, which increase the pressure in the healthcare system. It has to meet elderly people needs, however, elderly people are to facing many barriers when accessing healthcare services. Some of these barriers are going to be studied in this research. Those are: transport, knowledge and information, and hospital discharge. 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Comparison Between Programming Languages †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparison Between Programming Languages? Answer: Introduction Computer programs are alluded as programming. In the era of 1950s, high level languages had been developed that enables us to develop intense as well as complex programs without having knowledge of the functionality of CPU. The compiler converts the code into machine language and then interpret the result in high level languages which are easy to understand by users. (https://www.pearsonhighered.com/, 2008) C++ Language Data Types - In order to write source code of any language, various variables are required to save some data. This implies when we make a variable we hold a few space in memory. (https://cds.iisc.ac.in/, 2016). There are some other derived data types such as Abstract, enumerated, pointer etc. ADTs are able to support Abstraction, encapsulation processes. (Schmidt, D., C., 2017). The main design issues related to ADT are - Can it be possible to parameterize these data types? The second main design issue related to data types of C++ is can it possible to restrict the access through pointers? And the last one is what form Business for the interface can be provided? (Nguyen, T., 2016). Arrays - C++ does exclude a built in array type. If the memory of array is allotted to C++, the first element is remembered and adjoining space adequate to store all components of the array. The most difficult part is to write the memory which is not reserved by the array and that can consist of other data from different programs or may be operating systems. (Lewandowski, S., M., 2017). The main design issues of arrays include what values can be possible for subscripts? Can it be possible to allocate arrays, if so then at what time? What should be number of subscripts that are allowed in an array? Is it necessary to initialize arrays when their storage is allocated? (Tiwari, R., 2015). Arithmetic Expressions The main issues which needs to be take care before designing arithmetic expressions are operator precedence, operator associativity rule, what will be operator overloading, what will be side effects of operations evaluation in C++ programming? (https://aturing.umcs.maine.edu, 2017). Selection Statements Selection statements are syntax that helps to choose one option when we have choice between different options. The main design issues of selection statements of C++ language includes what form or type can be used in C++ selection statements, How we can use Then and Else syntax, How we can specify the importance of nested selectors? (https://www2.southeastern.edu, 2017). Iterative Statements There are two design issues included in C++ iterative statements that includes what is the process to control the execution of iterative statements and where we have to write the control mechanism of the loop? (https://www2.southeastern.edu, 2017). JAVA Language Name - JAVA Data Type Java innovation is utilized to create applications for an extensive variety of environment, from consumer to heterogeneous endeavor frameworks. (Perry, J., S., 2010). The main design issues regarding data types of JAVA can include how to define syntactic unit where we have to encapsulate the type definition? What is a technique that can be used for making type names as well as subprogram headers? Why it actually hides the definitions? What are the few primitive operations that must be incorporated with the language processor (https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/, 2017). Array The main design issues that are incorporated in array definition are - what legal subscripts can be possible, is it possible to check subscript expressions in element reference range, when it is possible to bound subscript range, Is it possible to bound multidimensional arrays and how we can index arrays? (Lewandowski, S., M., 2017). Arithmetic Expression The design issues that are included in arithmetic expressions are - what is the right order to evaluate operands, is it possible to define user defined operators, what mode of mixing can be possible in expressions? (https://courses.cs.vt.edu, 2017). Selection Statements The selection statement design issues incorporate what is the frame and type of the articulation that controls the selection, how we can specify then and else conditions in a statement, how should the significance of nested selectors be determined? (https://cs2.uco.edu/, 2017). Iterative Statements Its design issues include - How to control iteration statements, what are its entrance and its exit, where we have to use the control mechanism in the defined loop? (https://cs2.uco.edu/, 2017). PASCAL Language Name Pascal Language Data Type - Pascal, is the programming language of today that permits nested procedure definitions to any level of profundity, and furthermore permits most type of definitions and presentations inside subroutines (procedures and functions). The main design issues regarding data type include - character type can be defined as primitive type or only a special kind and the length of string can be taken as static or dynamic? (Christine, 2017). Array All the language have similar array definition with different syntaxes. Design issues of arrays of PASCAL language include can it be possible to support any type of slices, how we can initialize array objects, what subscripts range bound can be possible? (Christine, 2017). Arithmetic Expressions The design issues regarding arithmetic expressions are - how Type mixing can be possible in expressions, what are the side effects of Operand evaluation, how we can define associativity rule in operators? Selection Statements The design issues of selection statements lies in how nested selector can be specified, how we can use Then and Else in a selection statement? (Pratibha, 2017). Iterative Statements The iterative statements of PASCAL have different design issues. These include how we can control the execution of iteration statements, how nested selector can be specified in the statements? (Pratibha, 2017). PYTHON Language Name Python Language Data Type Its design issue while defining data type is what operations can be possible with data types and how these data types can be used in a syntax? Array The array has different design issues that include - Is it possible to check subscripting expressions in element references range, when to bound subscript range? Arithmetic Expressions Its design issues are - what are mode mixing expressions, how we can define the operator precedence rule, what is operator overloading? Selection Statements Selection statements of PYTHON language has also some design issues that are - how we can specify selection segments, how we can represent selector expression value? Iterative Statements Iterative statements design issues are - how it is possible to control the flow of execution of iteration statements, how we can defined the control in a statement pretest/ posttest, the conditional mechanism needs to be integral part of the exit or only body of loop? (https://www.tamps.cinvestav.mx, 2017). References Abstract Data Types. Retrieved from - https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ICS/sukairi/ics313(021)/11-Abstract%20Data%20Types.pdf Arithmetic Expressions. Retrieved from - https://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3304/Spring04/notes/Chapter-6/Expressions.pdf Chapter 7 - Expressions and Assignment Statements. Retrieved from - https://aturing.umcs.maine.edu/~meadow/courses/cos301/cos301-7.pdf Christine (2017). Chapter 6 - Data types. Retrieved from - https://chii90.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/chapter-6-data-types-review-questions/ Expressions and Assignment Statements. Retrieved from - https://www.tamps.cinvestav.mx/~gtoscano/clases/Prog/archivos/expressions.pdf Introduction to Computers and Programming. Retrieved from - https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/3/2/1/0321537114.pdf Learn C++ programming language. Management - https://cds.iisc.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/DS286.AUG2016.Lab2_.cpp_tutorial.pdf Lewandowski, S., M. (2017). Design Issues In Java and C++. Retrieved from - https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.31.1547rep=rep1type=pdf Nguyen, T. (2016). Abstract data types. Retrieved from - https://www.slideshare.net/TonyNguyen197/abstract-data-types-61715316 Perry, J., S. (2010). Java language basics - Object-oriented programming on the Java platform. Retrieved from - https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/tutorials/j-introtojava1/index.html Pratiba (2017). Expressions and statements. Retrieved from - https://www.eenadupratibha.net/pratibha/engineering/pro_lan_exp_and_Sta_Unit4.html Schmidt, D., C. (2017). Object-Oriented Design and Programming. Retrieved from - https://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/PDF/C++-adts4.pdf Statement-Level Control Structures. Retrieved from - https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/kyang/2014/Fall/CMPS401/ClassNotes/CMPS401ClassNotesChap08.pdf Tiwari, R. (2015). What is an array? What are the design issues for arrays? Retrieved from - https://mpstudy.com/what-is-an-array-what-are-the-design-issues-for-arrays/

Mannerism and the Baroque age Essay Example For Students

Mannerism and the Baroque age Essay Mannerism, which literally means style, was a period in European art that began in Italy in the final years of the Renaissance and lasted until it was replaced by Baroque, about 1520 to 1600. During this time, young artists were trying to establish their own style, with a new approach to painting and interpretation of the human experience. They had their difficulties as it were. Virtually everything that could be done, had been done. The artists of the Renaissance, masters such as Raphael and Michelangelo, studied the human form and nature for inspiration. Their art was balanced and harmonious. The proportions of their subjects were authentic and their art was often religious in nature. Mannerist, however, often painted their subjects with disproportionate features, such as elongated necks and limbs. Open spaces were filled with objects or fugues that were often unnecessary. Subjects poses were often difficult, if not impossible, for a real human to achieve, colors clashed, and themes were often grim and menacing, reflecting the upheaval of Europe at this time. During the 16th century, Rome was sacked, ending the Italian Renaissance, the Catholic Church was losing ground during the Protestant Reformation, the Eighty-years War surged in the Netherlands and Spain, and the Plague killed millions across Europe and Asia. Many felt the disproportionate tone of Mannerism was a rejection of the balance of the High Renaissance and the idealism it represented (Smyth). Baroque style originated in the late 16th century and included art, music and architecture. Originally meaning rough pearl, Baroque is now used to mean elaborate or dramatic. At the time, it was intended to arouse strong emotion in TTS observers. During the Council of Trend (1545-1563), the Catholic Church decided that artists should render their religious works to inform the illiterate, rather than the knowledgeable. They ordered that the message should be direct and that it should evoke strong emotions for the viewer, clearly challenging the Protestant Reformation and giving the Catholic Church back their image of grandeur and prestige. In painting, Baroques realism was a response to the fantasy of Mannerism and the focus shifted back again from the artist to the subject. Baroque artists employed a ore balanced technique, richer colors, more elaborate settings, and a clearer message. They presented their art at the climax of the action, each piece telling a story, typically using all available space. Mannerist art lacked a story and was focused on the virtuosity of the artist. It was witty and exaggerated. Mannerist artists appealed to the intelligence and humor of art patrons, rejecting the stiffness and formality of the Renaissance. Baroque artists attempted to engage the more emotional and realistic aspects of life in their work, returning to the beauty of the Renaissance, without the constraint and formality during the Baroque age, the world was on a course of discovery that would lead men to understand life and our place in the universe more than ever before. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the laws to gravity, Galileo observed celestial existence using the first telescopes, and physicians and scientists made huge strides in understanding the workings of the human body. Artists melodramatic use of lighting and space in their paintings reflected this age of discovery and experimentation. (Schaller) In the Mannerist Bronzers Deposition of Christ (1540-1545), Chrisms body is held by the Virgin Mary and supported by SST. John the Evangelist and Mary Magdalene. They are surrounded by onlookers while busy cherubs fill the air. The colors are bright pastels and the lighting is undefined. The fingers and toes of each subject are elongated, as is the neck of Mary Magdalene, and the faces reflect a rather neutral emotional state. Their positioning is graceful, yet unnatural. The individuals in the background appear detached and disinterested in the death of Christ. Art in the Baroque Period EssayOn observation, one can appreciate the talent of the artist and is reminded of the sacrifice of Jesus at Calvary, but the feelings of grief and personal loss are absent as the painting takes on more of a decorative tone Rueben Baroque work, The Descent from the Cross (1612-1614), depicts Chrisms body being removed from the cross by eight individuals including, the Virgin Mary, Joseph of Reanimate, SST. John, and Mary Magdalene. The colors used are deep and rich. The action fills the entire space of the painting and the movements and positions of the subjects appear natural and fitting. The dark, late tone of the setting is illuminated by divine light as it traverses the gloomy, overcast sky. Rueben proportions are true and one can feel the grief of the participants as they lower their deceased Lord. The horror of the moment is evident. In Baroque art, the observer is engaged with the work and can feel part of the action (Hunt) Mannerist and Baroque styles emerged from the age of the Renaissance as the world, tired of its idealistic images, sought for more authentic and creative portrayals of life and existence. As the art world shifted from the stiff and idealistic Renaissance to the emotional Baroque period, the unlikely bridge was the Mannerist style. In both The Descent from the Cross and Deposition of Christ, the artists depicted the death of Christ as a human tragedy. Although Bronzers painting lacks the emotion and suffering of Rueben painting, the observer of either work is forced to consider the agony of the Virgin Mary as she holds the body of Jesus. The coloring of Chrisms flesh in both works is consistent with death and we can begin to understand the magnitude of the sacrifice that was made for the salvation of mankind. This transition to realism made the impact of art personal to all who viewed it as art patrons were no longer Just wealthy aristocrats, but common citizens, as well. Artificial perfection and static imagery gave way to fluid movement, disharmony, emotion, and a sense of infinity. As much as Mannerist art and Baroque art differed, they were both responsible for ushering out the conventional rigidity and classicism of the Renaissance and allowing artists to depict the human condition in a more emotional and authentic manner. Even if Mannerism was too quirky to endure, it allowed the world to demand art that everyone could identify with and enjoy. (Baroque) Baroque. (n. D. ). Retrieved from academics. Smart. Due/rebel/Survey of Art History II/Baroque. HTML web. 5 Deck 2013 Hunt, Martin, Rosenstein, and Smith . The Making of the West (third De. ). Boston: Bedford/ SST. Martins. 2010 Print Smyth, Craig Hugh. 1992. Mannerism and Mariner, with an introduction by Elizabeth Cropper. Vienna Web. 5 Deck 2013 Schaller, G. Iconography of Christian Art, Volvo. II, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphreys, London, 2012 Print.